Climate variability, soil type, land use, and vegetation structure modulate soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, but their effects on sensitive soil carbon indicators are not adequately quantified in semi-arid ecosystems. This research examined the independent and synergistic impacts of pedo-climate, land use, and canopy cover on permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), soil microbial respiration (CO2-C), and the carbon mineralization rate (CMR) in the semi-arid regions of West Africa to determine their effectiveness as indicators of soil carbon dynamics. We collected 480 composite soil samples across Sudanian and Sudano-Sahelian zones, covering three land use types (cropland, fallow, protected area), two canopy positions (subcanopy, intercanopy), and two depths (0–10 cm, 10–30 cm). POXC, CO2-C, and SOC concentrations were analyzed, and CMR was derived from CO2-C per unit SOC. The indicato...

This article presents an in-depth study aimed at optimizing and comparing several deep learning architectures for multi-class classification of DDoS attacks in enterprise networks, using the CIC-DDoS2019 dataset. The methodological approach includes rigorous data preprocessing (normalization, encoding, balancing, stratified split) as well as an experimental implementation of four models: DNN, CNN-1D, CNN-LSTM, and CNN-BiLSTM. The evaluation, based on metrics from the confusion matrix (Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score), reveals an average accuracy of approximately 80%, limited by the high similarity of signatures between certain attack subtypes (DrDoS-SNMP, DrDoS-NetBIOS, DrDoS-SSDP, DrDoS-LDAP, UDP-lag). The results demonstrate the superiority of hybrid architectures, particularly the CNN-LSTM model, which stands out for its robustness, learning stability, and generalization cap...

Les années 1970 furent marquées au Sahel par une sécheresse aux multiples conséquences sur la vie des hommes et l’environnement. Pour réduire la consommation du bois de feu en Haute-Volta, des Organisations Non Gouvernementales (ONG) s’engagèrent dans la diffusion des foyers améliorés. Cette étude a pour objet d’analyser la promotion de ces dispositifs de cuisson par ces structures en Haute-Volta de 1977 à 1983. Elle s’appuie sur des sources d’archives, la revue de littérature et des entretiens réalisés auprès de personnes ressources. Il ressort que les foyers améliorés furent introduits à Nouna en 1977 grâce à un projet pilote financé par la coopération technique allemande. Leur promotion s’étendit au reste du territoire de 1979 à 1983 grâce aux interventions d’une multitude d’ONG. Leurs actions qui furent marquées par des contraintes de divers ordres, permirent néanmoins de réduire la...

L’un des traits non négligeables du roman africain réside aussi dans la capacité des écrivains à convoquer le débat philosophique dans l’espace romanesque. La présence du discours philosophique dans la diégèse des romans comme L’Aventure ambiguë de Cheikh Hamidou Kane et La Carte d’identité de Jean-Marie Adiaffi est un signe qui vient attester que cette pensée philosophique comporte des enjeux étroitement liés aux préoccupations existentielles des peuples africains et aux problèmes de développement de leurs sociétés.Il existe alors une pensée philosophique dans les œuvres littéraires africaines. En effet, c’est cette réalité qui se laisse observer dans les œuvres ci-dessus évoquées où des questions existentielles , d’éducation, de croyances, de culture et de quête identitaire sont posées avec acuité à travers des formes de pensées spéculatives fondées sur le principe de l’enseignement ph...

Signe des temps modernes, le phénomène de la mobilité humaine n’est pas nouveau dans le roman africain qui, depuis les origines s’est beaucoup intéressé au binarisme spatial entre ville et campagne où on assistait à l’évolution des protagonistes des récits sous une forme de va-et-vient incessants entre les deux pôles (ville/campagne). À l’évidence, l’essence même de l’existence humaine s’inscrit dans une dynamique de mobilité et de l’action. Réalité sociale que vivent tous les peuples en fonction des époques dans le temps et dans l’espace. Selon l’expression métaphorique de Zygmunt Bauman, nous sommes aujourd’hui, à l’ère de la « société liquide » qui se caractérise par une crise humaine et sociétale. Contexte social où l’espace et le temps sont soumis à une dissolution effervescente avec la remise en cause du statut culturel et identitaire de l’homme pris dans la tourmente des flux g...

In this paper, we present a mathematical model to study the dynamics of a co-infection involving two diseases: one that confers tem- porary immunity and the other that confers permanent immunity, while incorporating the impact of information dissemination about temporary immunity disease. The study of the disease with temporary immunity shows the existence of a unique disease-free equilibrium E_0, which is stable when R_0 < 1 and when R_0 > 1 we prove the existence of an endemic equilibrum. The basic reproduction number of the co-infection model R_0^c is determined, and a sensitivity analysis of the parameters is conducted to highlight the most influential parameters. Optimal controls representing prevention efforts for both diseases have been performed.

This study analyzes the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with unmet need for contraception among women in union in sub-Saharan Africa. Using secondary data from recent Demographic and Health Surveys, statistical tests revealed an overall prevalence of 20.7% of unmet need for contraception (13.9% for birth spacing and 6.8% for birth control). Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression shows that women aged 25-34 and 35-49 years have a reduced risk of unmet need for spacing but an increased risk for control. Women who have reached their desired fertility have a reduced need for spacing [RRR=0.87; CI=0.80-0.95, p<0.01], while those with unwanted children have an increased need for control [RRR=3.80; CI=0.80-0.95, p<0.01]. CI=3.50-4.12, p<0.001]. Similarly, women living with a partner have a higher risk of unmet need for spacing [RRR=1.07; CI=1.01-1.13, p<0.05], but those...

This study examines the impact of financial inclusion on poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) using data from 45 countries between 2001 and 2020. We find clear differences in how financial inclusion affects poverty across groups of countries: In the first group, financial inclusion reduces poverty, but in the other two groups, it increases poverty. Countries with higher incomes, lower inflation, stronger human capital, and greater trade openness are more likely to experience reduced poverty through financial inclusion. In countries lacking these conditions, financial inclusion can exacerbate poverty. These findings demonstrate that reforms aimed at increasing incomes, enhancing human capital, maintaining low inflation, and promoting trade are essential for facilitating financial inclusion and reducing poverty. Such reforms need to be tailored to each country's specific conditions and be p...

Objectives: This article analyzes the factors associated with neonatal mortality in Burkina Faso, as well as the communal inequalities in this mortality.Methods: The analysis is based on data from the 2021 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). It draws on a representative sample of 7,225 children. The determinants of mortality were examined using a log-binomial regression model. For the analysis of geospatial inequalities, the Richardson method was applied to classify communes according to their probability of achieving SDG target 3.2.2 by 2030, distinguishing areas with low, medium, and high likelihoods of attainment.Results: The analysis reveals an excess risk of neonatal mortality linked to male sex, multiple births, short birth intervals, low maternal education, and limited access to health services. According to the Richardson classification, all communes are on track to meet SDG tar...

The main objective of this work is to study the existence and uniqueness of the square-mean (μ, ν)-pseudo almost automorphic solution of class r in the α-norm for a stochastic partial functional differential equation. For this purpose, we use the Banach contraction principle and the techniques of fractional powers of an operator to obtain the required results. An illustrative example is provided.