Publications récentes
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Terrorism and mobility in Burkina Faso: obstacles to development and solutions for the future
ZOMA VincentThis article examines the repercussions of growing insecurity, particularly linked to terrorism, on mobility and development in Burkina Faso. The aim is to examine the impact of this insecurity on internal travel and to highlight potential levers for strengthening the resilience of transport systems in the face of current security challenges. An analysis based on a literature review reveals that insecurity has profoundly disrupted mobility, hampering trade and restricting access to essential services, particularly in rural areas. However, community initiatives and the establishment of secure corridors have been put in place to mitigate these negative impacts. Although these efforts have led to a partial improvement in mobility and a limited recovery of the economy, it is imperative that the government, in partnership with the international community, step up its actions in terms of security and strengthen transport infrastructures. At the same time, support for resilience programmes targeting vulnerable populations must be a priority in order to provide a sustainable response to the challenges posed by this persistent insecurity.
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Hydrogeochemical Processes in Basement Areas Using Principal Component in Burkina Faso (West African Sahel)
Moussa Diagne Faye , Vini Yves Bernadin Loyara , Amadou Keita , Mamadou Diop , Angelbert Chabi Biaou , Mahamadou Koita, Hamma YacoubaThe basement aquifers in Burkina Faso are increasingly exposed to groundwater pollution, largely due to socio-economic activities and climatic fluctuations, particularly the reduction in rainfall. This pollution makes the management and understanding of these aquifers particularly complex. To elucidate the processes controlling this contamination, a methodological approach combining principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate statistical techniques was adopted. The study analyzed sixteen physicochemical parameters from 58 water samples. The primary objective of this research is to assess groundwater quality and deepen the understanding of the key factors influencing the spatial variation of their chemical composition. The results obtained will contribute to better planning of preservation and sustainable management measures for water resources in Burkina Faso. The results show that three principal components explain 72% of the variance, identifying anthropogenic inputs, with two components affected by mineralization and one by pollution. The study reveals that the groundwater is aggressive and highly corrosive, with calcite saturation. Water-rock interactions appear to be the main mechanisms controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater, with increasing concentrations of cations and anions as the water travels through percolation pathways. PCA also revealed that the residence time of the water and leaching due to human activities significantly influence water quality, primarily through mineralization processes. These results suggest that rock weathering, coupled with reduced rainfall, constitutes a major vulnerability for aquifer recharge.
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Experimental study of vegetable oil droplets vaporization under low temperature conditions such as those found in diesel engine cold parts
Sampawinde Augustin Zongo , Tizane Daho , Gilles Vaitilingom , Bruno Piriou , Jeremy Valette , Christian Caillol , Bila Gérard Segda, Pascal HigelinThis paper presents an analysis of three vegetable oil droplets vaporization process in the range temperature from 473 to 723 K corresponding to low temperature conditions found in diesel engine cold parts. This process is analyzed for a droplet evaporating in a hot environment at atmospheric pressure using the fiber-suspended droplet technique well used in the literature, and analyzing the droplet normalized square diameter and temperature evolution surrounding the droplet when vaporizing. The main difference between those already studied in literature is the range temperature which varies between 473 and 723 K in which vegetable oils vaporizing problems leading to deposits formation in the cold regions of diesel engines especially in direct injection. This presents a scientific challenge for resolving deposit formation. The findings reveal that vegetable oil droplets experience expansion and heating for temperatures below 623 K: no other changes are observed. Between temperatures of 623 and 683 K, an increase in temperature, expansion, and an inconsistent vaporization is observed. This is followed by a phase of low and constant vaporization. From 683 K, vegetable oils experience an initial stage of heating and expansion, which is accompanied by a phenomenon of puffing and bursting.
Finally, in the last phase, residue formation occurs. Puffing and bursting phenomena manifest once the temperature reaches 683 K, indicating the emergence of substantial quantities of light compounds including carboxylic acids, aromatics, acrolein, ketene, and fatty acids. These compounds are formed through the thermal degradation and polymerization of vegetable oils. This process causes deposits to form in the colder areas of diesel engines
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Microbiological Quality Assessment of Mutton in the Saaba District in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Dissinviel Stéphane Kpoda, Assiètta Ouattara, Ange Irénée Toe, Dinanibè Kambire, Serge Touwendsida Bagre, Hawa Kagambega, Ibrahim Barry, Iliassou Mogmenga, Cheik Amadou Tidiane Ouattara, Sidiki Aboubakar OuattaraIntroduction: This study was carried out to assess the quality of sheep meat sold to consumers in Saaba municipality. Methods: A preliminary survey consisted of assessing hygiene and sampling meat in butchers’ stores. To achieve this, 100 sales outlets were surveyed for their hygiene conditions. 25 mutton meat samples were sampled in the three villages in Saaba district and analyzed using conventional microbiological techniques. The analysis consisted of determining the microbiological characteristics. Results: According to the results of this study, 100% of the butchers surveyed were men of the region. Among these men, 13% had secondary education, 46% had primary education and
41% were illiterate. Of the 100 retail outlets visited, 96% of the sellers were unaware of the hygiene rules and the dangers of microorganisms. The microbiological analysis of the samples revealed that 100% of the meat was of unsatisfactory microbiological quality. The average contamination rate by total aerobic mesophilic flora, total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and yeasts and molds was 8.93 × 106, 3.12 × 105, 3.69 × 106, and 6.74 × 103 CFU/g respectively. No Salmonella strain was detected in any of the samples analyzed. Conclusion: Our results pointed out the unsatisfactory safety quality of the sheep meat sold in the sheep meat and good hygiene practices.
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Questioning Interdisciplinarity between Anglophone Literature and Psychology at Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ)
MASSIMBO Wôkoudo MarcelResearch in Anglophone literature and psychology often involves studying the internal attributes of authors, characters, and even readers for a better understanding of works. Researchers from the departments of Anglophone studies and psychology at UJKZ follow this method, often applying psychological theories to their studies. Surprisingly, researchers from both departments do not fully utilize the benefits of interdisciplinarity, despite its contribution to more conclusive results. This article aims at promoting interdisciplinarity between Anglophone literature and psychology at UJKZ by examining existing scientific collaborations, identifying their challenges, and proposing solutions for better interdisciplinary collaboration. A quantitative method approach is used, drawing on William H. Newell’s (2001) theory of interdisciplinarity. Lack of communication is identified as the main obstacle to interdisciplinarity among these researchers, emphasizing the need for improving communication to reach more effective scientific collaboration.
Keywords: Anglophone, interdisciplinarity, literature, psychology, research.
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Evaluation of Multi-antibiotic Resistance Index (MAR) and Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated in Pathological Products from Chad
Ahmat Mahamat Ahmat , Djibrine Adoum Oumar, Hissein Ousman Abdoullahi, Cissé Hama, Fissou Henry Yandai, Kadidja Gamougam, Abdelsalam Tidjani, Savadogo Aly, Choua OuchemiPseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium present in several ecological niches causing opportunistic infections in humans. In developing countries like Chad, this bacteria is responsible for various human pathologies. High-priority pathogens, such as Salmonella and Shigella, represent a particularly heavy burden in low- and middle-income countries, as do Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, which pose serious problems in health centers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the multi-antibiotic resistance index and to carry out a molecular characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in pathological products from Chad using by rep-PCR (GTG)5. Antibiotic resistance phenotypes were obtained by interpreting the results of our previous study on antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from human infections in N'Djamena, Chad. In this study, two phenotypes were obtained that is XDR and MDR. Thus, 24/36 of strains came from urine and 29/36 strains were MDR. The multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexes varied from 0.33 to 0.86. The rep-PCR allowed good discrimination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in this study. These isolates were grouped based on characteristic bands appearing in their genetic fingerprint profiles. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from urinary tract infections and pus were classified as XDR and MDR type strains.
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Analysis, Quantification and Identification of Pesticides from Lettuce in Ouagadougou City (Burkina Faso)
Sarata Djinda, Yacouba Sanou, Samuel ParéIn Burkina Faso, chemical inputs are used massively in market gardening to increase the yields. The misuse of these chemicals is responsible of contamination of market garden products, leading to the rapid rotting of vegetables. The objective of this study was to determine the pesticides in chemical inputs applied on vegetables produced in Ouagadougou City. To do this, lettuce has been sampled from producers in three sites (Tanghin, Boulmiougou and Kossodo) and pesticides amounts have been analyzed using Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.
Chemical analyses have carried out on three lettuce samples and the extraction of chemical input residues was done according to QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe) method. Results revealed the presence of six (06) pesticide molecules (chlordimeform, quintozene, lindane, cypermethrin, α-cypermethrin, δ-deltamethrin) in Boulmiougou sample, four (04) molecules (methomyl, cypermethrin, α-cypermethrin, δ-deltamethrin) in Kossodo sample and three (03) molecules (cypermethrin, α-cypermethrin, δ-deltamethrin) in Tanghin sample. In this regard, analysis of pesticide amount revealed that the quantity of molecules was acceptable for the consumer, but these pesticides could contribute to the rapid rotting of our vegetables which generates economic and social losses for the country.
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1,4‑Dihydroquinone and its Derivatives: Vibrational Spectroscopic (FT‑IR and Raman), Molecular Structure and Quantum Chemical Investigations
Ali Sanda Bawa1 · Seydou Ouedraogo2 · Adamou Zanguina3 · Mabinty Bayo‑Bangoura2 · Karifa Bayo2 · Ibrahim NatatouHydroquinones constitute a family of antioxidants, but are also known as electron donor molecules in charge transfer complexes. Raman and IR spectra of 1,4-dihydroquinone (H2Q) and its derivatives, 2,5-dichloro-1,4-dihydroquinone (H2QCl2)
and 2-methoxy-1,4-dihydroquinone (H2QOCH3) in solid form have been recorded. Theoretical calculations using DFT
(B3LYP) methods have been performed giving optimized structures, energies and harmonic vibrational frequencies. The
comparison between the vibrational frequencies calculated and scaled with Raman and FT-IR experimental values shows
good agreement. The infuence of the substitutions on the electron donor capacity, geometrical parameters and normal modes
of vibrations have been discussed. The presence of –Cl group increases the O–H bond length and decreases the electron donor
capacity and inversely for the presence of –OCH3. The O–H stretching vibrations shift to higher wave numbers in H2QCl2
and H2QOCH3. The aromatic C–H stretching vibrations are not much afected by the presence of –Cl and –OCH3. The C–C
and C=C stretching vibrations shift to higher wave numbers in H2QCl2 and shift to lower wave numbers in H2QOCH3. These
studies show the infuences of substitutions on molecular properties of hydroquinones.
Keywords 1,4-Dihydroquinone · DFT calculations · Symmetry · IR · Raman
ARTICLE
Identification and phylogenetic analysis of carbapenemase genes from clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Boukaré Kaboré, Ganamé A Ouédraogo, Henri S Ouédraogo, Hama Cissé, Oumarou Zongo, Koudbi J Zongo, Boukaré Zeba, Idrissa Sanou, Aly SavadogoIntroduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an encapsulated Gram-negative bacterium that is responsible for numerous infections in healthcare facilities worldwide and is frequently isolated. The World Health Organization has listed K. pneumoniaeas as a critical antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogen for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. This study aimed to use molecular tools to identify and examine antibiotic resistance in clinical strains of K. pneumoniae.
Methodology: A total of 15 unduplicated K. pneumoniae strains isolated from patient samples with multidrug-resistant (MDR) profiles were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the most common carbapenem resistance genes. (GTG)5 PCR and phylogenetic analysis were performed to identify the genetic relationship between the strains.
Results: All strains yielded a (GTG)5-PCR profile, and this allowed us to group these strains into 8 groups according to the size and number of characteristic bands. Phylogenetic analysis was done using the free software UPGMA and a single bacterial clone with a correlation coefficient of over 97% was identified. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-like (blaNDM) carbapenem resistance genes were detected in three strains of K. pneumoniae, which represented a resistance rate of 20%. However, carbapenemases type A [Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and imipenem-hydrolysing beta-lactamase (IMI), type D [oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48)], and other metallo-β-lactamase [Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM), and enzyme active on imipenem (IMP)] were not detected.
Conclusions: We identified and grouped the blaNDM resistance genes of Klebsiella pneumonia strains.
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COPULA OF BERNSTEIN AND DEGREE OF DISCORDANCE
Vini Yves Bernadin LOYARA, Fabrice OUOBA et Rémi Guillaume BAGREThe analytical expression for the degree of multivariate discordance in probability has a high level of mathematical elegance. This is why we were interested in the degree of discrepancy. In addition, while working on this expression, an application to the Bernstein copula appeared more accessible. We therefore modeled the expression for the Bernstein copula and the degree of discordance.