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La littérature sur l’impact de l’assurance-vie sur la performance économique dans les pays en développement reste peu concluante. Dans cet article, nous examinons la possibilité que les pays suivent des régimes de croissance différents, et testons l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’assurance-vie affecte différemment la croissance économique dépend du régime de croissance auquel appartient une économie. Ainsi, en utilisant un modèle de mélange fini sur 34 pays d’Afrique subsaharienne au cours de la période 1999-2022, nous identifions deux régimes de croissance. L’assurance-vie a un effet positif et significatif dans le premier, tandis que dans le second, elle n’a pas d’effet significatif. De plus, nous utilisons le modèle à effet aléatoire de Mundlak (1978) pour capter le fait que le développement financier augmente la possibilité qu’un pays appartienne à un régime dans lequel l’assurance-vie influence positivement la croissance économique. Ces résultats suggèrent que le secteur financier peut être un canal permettant d’accentuer l’effet de l’assurance-vie sur la croissance.

High solubility in water and physiological fluids is an indispensable requirement for the pharmacological efficacy of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Indeed, it is well established that pharmaceutical substances exhibiting limited solubility in water are inclined towards diminished and inconsistent absorption following oral administration, consequently resulting in variability in therapeutic outcomes. The current advancements in combinatorial chemistry and pharmaceutical design have facilitated the creation of drug candidates characterized by increased lipophilicity, elevated molecular size, and reduced aqueous solubility. Undoubtedly, the issue of poorly water-soluble medications has been progressively escalating over recent years. Indeed, 40% of the top 200 oral medications marketed in the United States, 33% of drugs listed in the US pharmacopoeia, 75% of compounds under development and 90% of new chemical entities are insufficiently water-soluble compounds. In order to address this obstacle, formulation scientists employ a variety of approaches, encompassing both physical and chemical methods such as prodrug synthesis, salt formation, solid dispersions formation, hydrotropic substances utilization, solubilizing agents incorporation, cosolvent addition, polymorphism exploration, cocrystal creation, cyclodextrins complexation, lipid formulations, particle size reduction and nanoformulation techniques. Despite the utilization of these diverse approaches, the primary reason for the failure in new drug development persists as the poor aqueous solubility of pharmaceutical compounds. This paper, therefore, delves into the foundational principles that underpin the implementation of various formulation strategies, along with a discussion on the respective advantages and drawbacks associated with each approach. Additionally, a discourse is provided regarding methodological frameworks for making informed decisions on selecting an appropriate formulation strategy to effectively tackle the key challenges posed during the development of a poorly water-soluble drug candidate.

The construction of multivariate distributions with arbitrary margins has been a problem of interest to statisticians for many years, but nowadays, by virtue of Sklar’s theorem, this problem can be reduced to the construction of a copula. However, there is no general method for constructing a copula. In order to provide a partial solution to this problem, we present in this article, a construction of a new class of ratio-type copulas called a class of copulas with horizontal or vertical section of a homographic function. Indeed, the horizontal section of the copulas of this class can be considered as a homographic function of variable u whose coefficients are functions of v (formula (8)) and the vertical section can be considered as a homographic function of variable v whose coefficients are functions of u (formula (9)). This class can be also considered as a generalization of Ali-Mikhail-Haq family of copulas. We present some examples of copulas in this class.

In Burkina Faso, products and nests of insect are used for therapeutic purposes in traditional medicine. However, this use by local populations is marginal and empirical. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of extracts of bees’ products and termite nests. Thus, the collected termite nests were finely ground. Hydroethanolic extraction of bioactive molecules with potential antibacterial activity was performed according to standard methods. The agar diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity of hydroethanolic extracts of honey bee, bee wax, propolis, and termite nests against 22 pathogenic strains by inhibition diameter. Imipenem and nystatin were used as a positive control for bacterial and fungal strains respectively. The extraction yields varied from 7.33 to 35.39% depending on the content of soluble matter. All extracts of bees’ products and termite nests tested showed inhibitory activities. The inhibition diameters varied depending on the extract and strain tested. The largest diameter of inhibition (26 ± 0.0 mm) was obtained using the nest extract of Macrotermes bellicosus against Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC14028. The lowest diameter of inhibition was 7 ± 0.0 mm obtained with honey extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853. Index multi-resistance of the extracts tested were between 0.2 and 0.6. Interestingly, the inhibition diameters and activity coefficient of certain products and nest extracts of insects were sometimes greater than those of imipenem/nystatin against the strains tested. This study revealed the antimicrobial potential of termite nest extracts and hive products against pathogens.

In this work, we consider a system of stochastic integrodifferential equations in a complex Hilbert space. We first establish the existence and uniqueness of mild solutions for equation (1) under non-Lipschitz conditions. Then we show under certain assumptions that the found mild solution is exponentially stable on average of order n. Note that the same equation was studied in [10] where the authors found the solution in a real Hilbert space. We now provide a generalization of this result in a complex Hilbert space. We obtain existence and uniqueness results by using the Lipschitz global and growth conditions

Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, a medicinal plant overexploited in Burkina Faso due to the use of its roots for therapeutic purposes has been studied and it seems that the profile of the powder from stem and root bark are almost similar. This study aims to compare the botanical, physicochemical, and phytochemical parameters of Z. zanthoxyloides powder from stem and root bark for rational use. Botanical characters were carried out while methanol and water extraction yield, residual moisture, total ash, and insoluble ash in chlorohydric acid were estimated. Phytochemical screening was realized by the HPTLC using a THF-toluene-formic acidwater (59:30:7:4, v /v/v/v) solvent system. The total phenol and flavonoid content of both methanolic and aqueous extracts were quantified and their antioxidant activities were assessed using the ferric ion-reducing power and DPPH methods. Important fibers were observed in the root powder. The total percentage of ash and hydrochloric acid ash in the stem and root barks was almost similar in both samples, while the methanol yield (10.78±1.1%) was significant for the roots. The HPTLC profile of the methanolic extracts exhibited the presence of gallic acid and derivatives of chlorogenic acid. Thetotal phenol content of the methanolic extracts from stem and root barks was significantly different (p-value 0.05) was observed in the phenol content of the aqueous extracts from stem and root barks. The Ferric reducing capacity of water extracts of the stem (104.69±5.17 mg EAA/g) and root bark (83.56±2.16 mg EAA/g) was higher than methanol extract. DPPH inhibition of methanolic extract of the stem (56.84±0.96%) and root bark (58.38±0.84%) was more important than water extract. These results can contribute to Z. zanthoxyloides monography edition, standardization of their raw materials, and his rational use for phytomedicines development.

While Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) originates from Africa and the list of producers is topped by African countries, it is not clear whether research is developed enough to support crop promotion in the continent. Thus, this systematic review of 180 articles presents a comprehensive summary of research on Bambara groundnut (BGN) in Africa. The paper addresses bibliographical metrics, the geographic distribution of the research and themes covered (viz., food and nutrition security, climate resilience, and livelihoods). The analysis shows that BGN can help address different challenges in Africa, such as food and nutrition insecurity and poverty. However, it also highlights gaps in the research from geographical and thematic standpoints. Geographically speaking, the most important producers of BGN in Africa are not sufficiently covered in the research; instead, it is mainly carried out in Nigeria and South Africa. Thematically speaking, the gaps are related to economics and social sciences, the use of BGN in animal production, processing and marketing, irrigation, contribution to climate resilience and livelihoods, and health benefits. Collaborative research and knowledge sharing, including among producing countries and those leading the research field, are highly needed to unlock the potential of BGN and boost its contribution to sustainable development in Africa.

Extract at 10 mg/mL yielded 92.95±11.44 mg EAG/g total polyphenols, 0.082±0.005 mg ERu/g total flavonoids and 0.14 ± 0.003 mg EAT/g condensed tannins. Aqueous extract of Sarcocephalus latifolius ripe fruits showed DPPH radical inhibition with an IC50 greater than 25 μg/mL. DPPH inhibition by gallic acid was 92.91% at 25 μg/mL. IC50 of ascorbic acid and aqueous extract of Sarcocephalus latifolius on Fe3+reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were 18.9 μg/mL and 111.6 μg/mL, respectively. For carrageenan, the aqueous extract of Sarcocephalus latifolius ripe fruits showed a maximal anti-inflammatory effect at five hours, with inhibitions (p

Introduction: A caudal appendix is a rare congenital malformation of the median or paramedian diverticulum type located mainly in the lumbosacral region, of soft consistency, exceptionally provided with an axial skeleton and covered with skin often of normal appearance and simulating a tail. Patients: We report the cases of three female patients including two infants aged 4 months and 12 months and an adult aged 35 years. The infants presented caudal appendages located at the atypical breech surface associated with a right cephalocele and the adults had a caudal appendage 11 cm long located at the lumbosacral level 2 cm from the midline on the right. Clinical examination noted one lesion in the first infant and three caudal appendages in the second. The neurological examination was normal. The adult patient did not present any associated clinical malformation. The CT scan noted cranial dysraphism in the form of intra-orbital meningocele associated with shizencephaly for both infants. Conclusion: Caudal appendages are rare and represent markers of dysraphism, which can be cranial or caudal. Their presence requires systematic research through medical imaging examinations.

L'adolescence et la jeunesse, périodes de recherche identitaire, expose souvent à des expériences risquées, telles que la pratique de la chicha de plus en plus populaire à Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso, si bien qu’une réglementation récente a interdit sa consommation dans cette ville soulevant ainsi des interrogations sur ses déterminants. La présente investigation analyse alors les déterminants de sa consommation chez les adolescents et les jeunes dans cette ville. Ainsi, l'échantillonnage s'est basé sur un plan de sondage stratifié, avec des enquêtes qualitatives et quantitatives. Les résultats indiquent une prévalence significative de la consommation de chicha chez les adolescents et les jeunes, influencée par des facteurs socio-culturels et économiques. La facilité d'accès et le coût abordable de la chicha contribuent à sa popularité, avec une forte présence dans les maquis et les bars de la ville. Les adolescents et les jeunes issus de milieux urbains et disposant d'un niveau de vie plus élevé sont plus susceptibles de consommer de la chicha. Determinants of shisha consumption among adolescents and young people in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso Abstract Adolescence and youth, periods when people are searching for their identity, often expose them to risky experiences, such as the increasingly popular practice of shisha in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, to the extent that recent legislation has banned its use in the city, raising questions about its determinants. The present investigation therefore analyses the determinants of its consumption among adolescents and young people in this city. Sampling was based on a stratified survey design, with qualitative and quantitative surveys. The results indicate a significant prevalence of chicha consumption among adolescents and young people, influenced by socio-cultural and economic factors. The ease of access and affordability of chicha contribute to its popularity, with a strong presence in the city's maquis and bars. Adolescents and young people from urban backgrounds with a higher standard of living are more likely to use chicha.