This work reports the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured hybrid systems based on the combination of water soluble transition-metal phthalocyanines of a Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Transmission electron microscopy reveals images of the hybrid compounds, which are approximately 20 nm in size. The bathochromic shift and the broadening of the plasmon band characteristic of AgNPs, observed in the UV-Vis spectra of the nanostructured hybrid systems, indicate the coordination of the complexes on the nanoparticle surface. Infrared and Raman spectra confirmed an effective interaction between the complexes, and the nanoparticles, marked in particular by a modulation of intensities and shifts in characteristic frequencies. Raman spectroscopy identified a SERS (surface-enhanced Raman scattering) effect due to the plasmonic resonance properties of...

The use of millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands in Fifth-Generation New Radio (5G-NR) promises unprecedented data rates and spectral efficiency, but their highly variable propagation characteristics make accurate performance evaluation a critical challenge. Among the standardized 3GPP models, the Clustered Delay Line (CDL) and the Tapped Delay Line (TDL) are widely used, yet their comparative impact on mmWave system reliability has not been thoroughly quantified. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of CDL and TDL models under realistic deployment conditions, including both Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) scenarios. Simulations are performed with 3GPP- defined parameters, accounting for delay profiles, delay spreads, Doppler effects, carrier frequency, and antenna configurations. Performance is assessed through Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Block Error Rate (B...

Résumé Les adpositions ont besoin d’une analyse fine qui permette de connaître leur nombre, leur nature et de comprendre les relations qu’elles entretiennent avec les autres constituants dans les constructions syntaxiques. Considérées comme une catégorie à part entière, les adpositions occupent une place prépondérante dans certaines constructions en birfʋ̀ɔr. La méthode qualitative a été privilégiée pour l’atteindre des résultats attendus. En effet, une recherche documentaire doublée de quelques entretiens avec sept locuteurs natifs, spécialistes de la langue ont servi pour les analyses. Basé sur les travaux de CREISSELS D. (unités et catégorie grammaticales 2006), les adpositions en l’occurrence les postpositions ont d’abord été répertoriées et définies. La suite du travail a permis de déterminer différents types de postpositions et leurs morphologies mais surtout,...

This paper presents a study focusing on border management in a counterterrorism context. It deals with a deterministic system of differential equations that explicitly includes a continuous function to model border management by dedicated armed forces. The barrier theorem and the Cauchy–Lipschitz theorem are used to show that the system is well‐posed. Then, a locally and globally asymptotically stable terrorism‐free equilibrium point is identified using the next‐generation matrix. A triple control, two for internal strategies and one for border management, is introduced in the model for the optimal control study. Clearly, this paper shows that border management is an imperative in the fight against terrorism. Particularly, even in a context where terrorism is supposed to spread like an epidemic, good border management can reverse the trend and eliminate the terrorist threat. In addition,...

This study focuses on determining drying kinetics and estimating the products’ diffusion coefficients. A solar dryer equipped with a parabolic trough collector was used. The products were dried in the dryer, and their drying kinetics were monitored. Emphasis was placed on fitting the drying kinetics to empirical and semiempirical models for potatoes and pineapples during convective drying. During the first phase of the drying process, the moisture content of the agricultural products decreased rapidly, leading to an increase in the drying rate. Moisture content decreased more slowly as drying progressed, resulting in a gradual reduction in the drying rate. Moisture transfer within the products was modelled using Fick's second law, allowing the determination of diffusion coefficients: 6.3456 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s for potato and 2.6647 × 10⁻⁸ m²/s for pineapple. The drying kinetics were adapted to e...

Groundwater development in crystalline and metamorphic basement terrains is hampered by the difficulty of locating productive fractures from optical lineament mapping alone, even when it is combined with surface geophysics. This study assesses the influence of geological structures on the geometry and functioning of the aquifers of the Tenkodogo square degree (Burkina Faso) through a multi-scale, multi-sensor approach combining aeromagnetic data, radar imagery and multispectral optical imagery. Magnetic lineaments were extracted manually from derived products and the analytic signal, whereas optical and radar lineaments were extracted automatically (PCI Geomatica) after enhancement (PCA, Laplacian, directional and Lee filters). In total, 502 aeromagnetic, 4476 optical and 39,764 radar lineaments were corrected for anthropogenic and topographic biases, then validated against existing geol...

Faidherbia albida (Delile) A. Chev is a socio-economically significant agroforestry species in arid and semiarid regions of Africa. However, its natural populations have declined significantly, primarily due to poor seed regeneration and limited adoption by local communities, hindered by its physical dormancy and slow growth. This study investigated the influence of substrate type and seed size on the germination and early growth of F. albida. Therefore, seeds of F. albida were categorized into three size classes based on their diameter: large (≥ 4.5 mm), medium (4.0–4.49 mm), and small (< 4.0 mm). After pretreatment with concentrated sulfuric acid (98%; 5 min), the seeds were sown in pots (40 cm height, 12 cm diameter, one per pot) using a randomized complete block design. The experimental layout included two substrates (desert sand and topsoil) and five replicates, with 10 seeds per re...

Background: The rising incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC), driven by an ageing population and ongoing epidemiological transition, underscores the need for improved surveillance strategies. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), however, limited access to molecular diagnostics and fragmented genomic data hinder the characterization of mismatch repair deficiency (MMRd). These constraints contribute to delayed detection, with most cases diagnosed at advanced stages, thereby compromising prognosis and the effective delivery of oncologic care. Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the pooled hospital-based proportion of CRC across SSA, characterize the molecular architecture of mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), stratify tumor aggressiveness according to microsatellite instability (MSI/MSS) status, and evaluate overall survival following diagnosis. Methods: A systematic review and met...

The objective of this study is to design an optimal photovoltaic (PV) pumping irrigation system for agricultural production. The selected site is located in the municipality of Komsilga, Burkina Faso. The field to be irrigated covers an area of 51,116.3 m². Based on a reference evapotranspiration of 6.5 mm/day, representing the worst-case scenario, a total daily water requirement of 318 m³ was established. Three boreholes were drilled to meet this daily water demand. A water tower with a capacity of 106 m³ was constructed for each borehole. A preliminary study estimated the borehole depth at 60 m with a diameter of 50 cm. A total dynamic head (TDH) of 165 m was determined through simulation using PVsyst software. For practical and techno-economic reasons, we opted for a "run-of-sun" photovoltaic pumping system. To optimize pumping, we used crop coefficients corresponding to the mid-seaso...

Collective catering can expose many consumers to foodborne and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria but is poorly monitored in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed the microbiological quality of 159 ready-to-eat meals served in university, hospital-adjacent, and industrial canteens in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and the virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Genes were detected by PCR and susceptibility by disk diffusion. Under criteria adapted from those for cooked ready-to-eat dishes, 70.4% and 50.3% of meals were unsatisfactory for coagulase-positive staphylococci and E. coli, respectively (38.4% for staphylococci under UK Health Protection Agency guidelines). E. coli isolates carrying astA as the sole virulence gene (n = 50) were recovered from 44 meals (27.7%), and enterotoxigenic E. coli (estIa) from five meals; aggR...