This article presents an in-depth study aimed at optimizing and comparing several deep learning architectures for multi-class classification of DDoS attacks in enterprise networks, using the CIC-DDoS2019 dataset. The methodological approach includes rigorous data preprocessing (normalization, encoding, balancing, stratified split) as well as an experimental implementation of four models: DNN, CNN-1D, CNN-LSTM, and CNN-BiLSTM. The evaluation, based on metrics from the confusion matrix (Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score), reveals an average accuracy of approximately 80%, limited by the high similarity of signatures between certain attack subtypes (DrDoS-SNMP, DrDoS-NetBIOS, DrDoS-SSDP, DrDoS-LDAP, UDP-lag). The results demonstrate the superiority of hybrid architectures, particularly the CNN-LSTM model, which stands out for its robustness, learning stability, and generalization cap...

L’un des traits non négligeables du roman africain réside aussi dans la capacité des écrivains à convoquer le débat philosophique dans l’espace romanesque. La présence du discours philosophique dans la diégèse des romans comme L’Aventure ambiguë de Cheikh Hamidou Kane et La Carte d’identité de Jean-Marie Adiaffi est un signe qui vient attester que cette pensée philosophique comporte des enjeux étroitement liés aux préoccupations existentielles des peuples africains et aux problèmes de développement de leurs sociétés.Il existe alors une pensée philosophique dans les œuvres littéraires africaines. En effet, c’est cette réalité qui se laisse observer dans les œuvres ci-dessus évoquées où des questions existentielles , d’éducation, de croyances, de culture et de quête identitaire sont posées avec acuité à travers des formes de pensées spéculatives fondées sur le principe de l’enseignement ph...

Signe des temps modernes, le phénomène de la mobilité humaine n’est pas nouveau dans le roman africain qui, depuis les origines s’est beaucoup intéressé au binarisme spatial entre ville et campagne où on assistait à l’évolution des protagonistes des récits sous une forme de va-et-vient incessants entre les deux pôles (ville/campagne). À l’évidence, l’essence même de l’existence humaine s’inscrit dans une dynamique de mobilité et de l’action. Réalité sociale que vivent tous les peuples en fonction des époques dans le temps et dans l’espace. Selon l’expression métaphorique de Zygmunt Bauman, nous sommes aujourd’hui, à l’ère de la « société liquide » qui se caractérise par une crise humaine et sociétale. Contexte social où l’espace et le temps sont soumis à une dissolution effervescente avec la remise en cause du statut culturel et identitaire de l’homme pris dans la tourmente des flux g...

This study analyzes the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with unmet need for contraception among women in union in sub-Saharan Africa. Using secondary data from recent Demographic and Health Surveys, statistical tests revealed an overall prevalence of 20.7% of unmet need for contraception (13.9% for birth spacing and 6.8% for birth control). Furthermore, multinomial logistic regression shows that women aged 25-34 and 35-49 years have a reduced risk of unmet need for spacing but an increased risk for control. Women who have reached their desired fertility have a reduced need for spacing [RRR=0.87; CI=0.80-0.95, p<0.01], while those with unwanted children have an increased need for control [RRR=3.80; CI=0.80-0.95, p<0.01]. CI=3.50-4.12, p<0.001]. Similarly, women living with a partner have a higher risk of unmet need for spacing [RRR=1.07; CI=1.01-1.13, p<0.05], but those...

Objectives: This article analyzes the factors associated with neonatal mortality in Burkina Faso, as well as the communal inequalities in this mortality.Methods: The analysis is based on data from the 2021 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). It draws on a representative sample of 7,225 children. The determinants of mortality were examined using a log-binomial regression model. For the analysis of geospatial inequalities, the Richardson method was applied to classify communes according to their probability of achieving SDG target 3.2.2 by 2030, distinguishing areas with low, medium, and high likelihoods of attainment.Results: The analysis reveals an excess risk of neonatal mortality linked to male sex, multiple births, short birth intervals, low maternal education, and limited access to health services. According to the Richardson classification, all communes are on track to meet SDG tar...

The main objective of this work is to study the existence and uniqueness of the square-mean (μ, ν)-pseudo almost automorphic solution of class r in the α-norm for a stochastic partial functional differential equation. For this purpose, we use the Banach contraction principle and the techniques of fractional powers of an operator to obtain the required results. An illustrative example is provided.

In many low and middle-income countries, adult mortality estimates are derived from surveys and censuses conducted through face-to-face interviews. These interviews can be time-intensive and are often impractical during health crises or humanitarian emergencies. The expansion in cellphone ownership and network coverage has created new opportunities for collecting demographic data through mobile phone surveys, but our understanding of selection biases and reporting errors of such data remains incomplete. This study reports on adult mortality estimates obtained through mobile phone surveys conducted in Burkina Faso, Malawi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2021 and 2022. To mitigate respondent fatigue and network interruptions, we used a shortened version of the set of questions generally used in surveys to ask about the survival of respondents’ siblings. Mortality estimates obta...

Agroecology is recognized as a resilient agricultural system amid the ecological crisis, but also as a social movement working towards better livelihoods for farmers. In Burkina Faso, the dynamics among actors promoting agroecology are not well understood. Effec- tive governance of the agroecological transition necessitates a deeper comprehension of the interactions and networks involved. This study aims to identify, characterize, and an- alyze local actors and their networks to enhance governance for agroecological transition, focusing on two north and south-west regions of Burkina Faso to highlight regional dif- ferences. Using the Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems (AKIS) as a concep- tual framework, we conducted a literature review and facilitated focus group discussions during a workshop with stakeholders. Key participants include farmers, service provid- ers, r...

Background and Aim: Infectious diseases nowadays are caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, making their management both difficult and costly. In Gram-negative bacilli, several enzymes particularly ESBLs and carbapenemases allow to counteract the antibiotic effect of nearly all β lactams. This leads to a dilemma for clinicians who increasingly include last-resort drugs in therapeutic options. The objective of this study is to focus attention on the precarious situation of antibiotic drugs, even those considered last-resort like colistin. It aims precisely to characterize the blaCTX-M-G1, blaIPM, blaVIM genes and the mcr gene in Gram-negative bacilli producing ESBL. Methodology: A total of 60 strains of Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical samplesbetween December 2022 and March 2023 at Shiphra Hospital in Ouagadougou were first subjected to sensitivity test again...

Annona senegalensis is a multipurpose wild shrub mainly used for food and traditional medicine by local people in tropical African. During its fruiting period, especially at the green fruit stage, this plant harbors an important community of insects such as various ant species (Formicidae) and the planthopper Hilda undata Walker (Tettigometridae). This study aimed at understanding the role of ants on Annona senegalensis during the fruiting period. Insect visitors of green fruits of Annona senegalensis were collected randomly on 30 green fruits from 30 plants per site, at four sites across the Sudanian and Sudano-Sahelian climatic zones of Burkina Faso, from June to July 2020. The behavior of insects was observed in the field. HPLC analyses of sugar profiles of the extrafloral nectar of green fruits, ants and Hilda undata were carried out in the laboratory to determine whether ants were f...