Antagonistic bacteria play a crucial role in the fight against multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. They offer an ecological and sustainable alternative to traditional antibiotics, reducing selective pressure and preserving natural microbial ecosystems. In agriculture and livestock farming, their purpose is to inhibit the growth of pathogens through competition for nutrients, producing antimicrobial substances and modulating the immune system. For example, probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium improve intestinal health and reduce the need for antibiotics in animals. Similarly, bacteria such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas are used to protect plants against various diseases, reducing the need for chemical treatments. In the medical field, antagonistic bacteria are used to prevent and treat various infections, including gastrointestinal and urogenital infections. They also contribute to modulating the gut microbiota and supporting the immune system. However, there are still technical and scientific challenges to be overcome in order to optimize their use, such as understanding the complex interactions between antagonistic bacteria and pathogens, and the stability and efficacy of probiotic formulations.

antagonistic, antimicrobial, control, multi-drug resistant, pathogenic