Background
The bush banana (Uvaria chamae P. Beauv.) is a wild edible fruit, but its population has declined recently in Benin. This study assessed the traditional knowledge and use of U. chamae, along with the key factors relevant to its conservation and sustainable management. The study reports (i) traditional knowledge and effective use of the species by local communities in relation to socioeconomic factors, (ii) local perceptions of threats to U. chamae, and (iii) conservation strategies suggested by local communities to ensure its sustainable use and management in Benin.

Methods
This study was carried out in the Guineo-Congolian and Sudano-Guinean zones of Benin where the species occurs. The data were collected from June to December 2021. The study sites were selected based on the occurrence and geographical distribution of U. chamae, while taking into account the representativeness of the diversity of sociolinguistic groups in the overall sample. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 434 respondents belonging to 15 sociolinguistic groups living in the phytodistricts of U. chamae distribution. The relative frequency of citation of the different uses was analyzed in relation to the socioeconomic attributes of the respondents. A principal component analysis was performed to highlight the relationships between the different uses and the sociolinguistic groups. Finally, a linear model was used to assess the effects of the sociocultural factors of the respondents on the use values of U. chamae.

Results
A total of 71 traditional use categories were identified for U. chamae, sixty of which were used by the respondents. Women and elderly members of the Fon, Aïzo and Mahi sociolinguistic groups, particularly those involved in traditional medicine and living in the phytodistrict of Plateau, were the primary users of U. chamae. The main use categories, summarized from all the respondents, were medicinal (97%), food (84.10%), magico-religious (52.92%), firewood (25.52%), and material for handicrafts (7.30%). The most valued plant parts were roots, fruits, leaves, and branches. The main threats to U. chamae are largely due to human activities rather than climatic factors.

Conclusion
This study revealed that U. chamae is a multipurpose shrub, mainly used in traditional medicine and as a food source. There is little consensus among local people about its medicinal uses. Investigating the nutritional, biochemical, and toxicological properties of U. chamae extracts could help to verify the claims attributed to the plant. Local communities suggested the promotion of home and botanical gardens as the main conservation measures to ensure the sustainable use and management of U. chamae in Benin.

Traditional medicine, Wild edible fruits, Domestication, Forest resources, Local perception