In this study, we investigated the application of the deep mixing method (DMM) to cohesive soil in the Saga Lowland
of Kyushu, Japan. The study focused on examining three types of water-cement ratio (W/C) conditions, with a con
stant addition of cement-based binder (C). Due to the soft clay nature of the Saga Lowland, frequent ground settle
ment and deformation occur, necessitating measures to prevent adverse effects on the surrounding environment.
The objective of this research is to provide a valuable approach to optimizing the quality of the improved columns
while minimizing ground displacement in an environmentally considerate manner. In Saga Lowland, it is common
to fix the W/C ratio at 1.0 and vary the cement content. Through experimental construction for improved columns
on the field, the study confirmed that W/C values of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 influence the quality of the improved structure.
A higher W/C value of 1.5 resulted in a more fluid cement slurry due to a higher injection rate (IR = 23.9%), as evi
denced by statistical analysis revealing higher average unconfined compressive strength (
qu ), and a lower coefficient
of variation (CV). The defective rate of 10% (qudr) from the design standard strength shows that values are lowest
for Case 2, followed by Case 3 and then Case 1. Comparing the values of Case 2 and Case 3, it is observed that in Case
3, with a higher W/C, the CV is lower. . Regarding horizontal ground displacement (Sh), Case 3 exhibited a Sh value
of 2.0 to 6.5 mm, significantly lower than Saga prefecture standards (20 mm). This outcome is attributed to reduced
viscosity during mixing, leading to improved fluidity and minimal lateral displacement of the soil–cement columns
(which often results in lateral ground uplift). Even though with a higher W/C = 1.5, the implementation cost remains
the same, but the constructed structure would be of higher quality and smaller displacement, with the overall struc
ture corresponding to the standard quality. The study includes the specific geotechnical conditions of the Saga Low
land and the scope of experimentation. Nonetheless, in terms of the applicability and optimization of DMM in Saga
Lowland, the findings provide practical guidance for engineers in selecting W/C ratio and IR during construction
for future DMM implementations, thereby contributing to the development of long-lasting infrastructure and sustain
able societal development.

Ground improvement, Water-cement ratio, Injection rate, Unconfined compressive strength, Lateral displacement