Access to safe drinking water is one of the most pressing challenges in the 21st century. New and better
technologies for the treatment of wastewater are critically needed. Carbon nanotubes are emerging as
effective and environmentally friendly alternative adsorbents for water purification due to their porous
structure, relatively large specific surface areas, and strong hydrophobicity. Nevertheless, carbon nanotubes
also suffer the inherent challenges of nanomaterials with potential health risks. This chapter presents
a detailed review of the progress made in the utilization of carbon nanotubes and their composites in the sequestration of organic and inorganic pollutants from water. The factors affecting performance,
the adsorption capacities, and mechanisms are concisely discussed. Additionally, the associated health
risks of carbon nanotubes are highlighted, and risk assessment strategies are recommended. Overall,
carbon nanotubes are shown to be suitable candidates for water treatment regimes.